/ Report Details / Automobile Tire Pressure Monitoring System Market by Type (Direct TPMS and Indirect TPMS)
Automobile Tire Pressure Monitoring System Market by Type (Direct TPMS and Indirect TPMS), Sales Channel (OEM and Aftermarket), Vehicle Type (Passenger Cars, Commercial Vehicles), and by regions (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Latin America)
REPORT HIGHLIGHT
The market for automobile tire monitoring systems was valued at over USD 5 billion in 2020. It is anticipated to reach USD 13.6 billion by 2027, with a CAGR of more than 13.3% during the forecast period.
The tire pressure monitoring system is an electrical device that monitors the air pressure within the tires to provide real-time tire-pressure information. It also alerts the driver to the number of underinflated tires. Safety is a significant motivator for the growth of the vehicle safety industry, with consumer demand for sophisticated driver aid systems. Increased sales of premium automobiles with TPMS as a safety feature fuels the expansion of the automotive tire pressure monitoring systems industry.
MARKET DYNAMICS
Tire pressure monitoring systems are most often used in passenger vehicles, considered an essential safety feature. The car industry has been speeding up its efforts to provide technologies that help decrease the severity of crashes, minimize deaths, and enhance overall vehicle safety. As a result, the automotive TPMS demand is expected to increase throughout the projected period.
Despite the slow growth of the passenger car category, the market for premium luxury automobiles in Asia-Pacific is anticipated to expand considerably. Across the overall passenger car demand, luxury automobiles are expected to increase at a fast rate. The passenger vehicle category is positioned to lead the growth for automotive TPM, with TPMS installed in the majority of these cars.
Various governments have begun imposing strict safety rules, requiring the integration of modern vehicle safety technologies such as tire pressure monitoring systems, anti-lock braking systems (ABS), and lane departure warning systems. It has become necessary to decrease the rising number of accidents. According to research by the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey (NMVCCS), tires that are 25% underinflated are three times more likely to be involved in an accident than cars with proper tire pressure. Furthermore, TPMS helps to reduce these occurrences by alerting the driver to low tire pressure. As a result, the market is projected to develop rapidly shortly.
The worldwide automobile tire pressure monitoring systems growth is projected to be restrained by vehicle tracking owing to the TPMS signal over the forecast period. Each TPMS emits a distinct signal that may be detected from a distance by a directional antenna. Indirect TPMS uses ABS/ESC sensors to calculate tire inflation rather than pressure sensors for pressure monitoring. It simply works on the principle that under-inflated tires have a smaller diameter than fully inflated tires. Furthermore, the algorithms employed in indirect TPMS tire inflation computation are susceptible to various external factors such as road condition, temperature, and driving speed. As a result, incorrect findings are produced, impeding market expansion over the predicted period.
MARKET SEGMENTATION
Type, sales channel type, vehicle type, and region have all been used to categorize the automotive tire pressure monitoring system landscape.
By System type:
TPMS are mainly of two types: direct and indirect TMPS. The significant working difference between the two systems is the data collection points of the sensors. Direct IMPS is mounted near the tire, and it collects pressure data directly from the tire condition. On the other hand, the indirect system collected data from other electronic safety circuits such as the antilock braking system and then sent signals to the electric unit. Due to high accuracy, the direct system is in demand and is expected to grow during the forecast period. The indirect system is also increasing due to its lower cost. It is majorly used in passenger vehicles.
VEHICLE TYPE TAKEAWAYS:
Passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles are two main vehicle segments. Increasing safety demand in both of the segments is driving growth. In developing countries like India and China, passenger vehicle segments promise robust growth during the forecast period. The commercial vehicle segment is also lucrative for the TPMS market due to increasing traffic and safety requirements for long and complex transportation networks.
SALES CHANNEL TAKEAWAYS:
Original Equipment Manufacturers and aftermarkets are the main sales channels. OEMs account for the majority of the market demand due to a broad customer base. With entry-level cars being equipped with safety systems, the growth of the OEM channel is expected to increase further. On the other hand, aftermarket services are observing a surge in demand due to customers' aspirations to use technological products in vehicles and safety concerns with increasing traffic in major cities.
REGIONAL TAKEAWAYS
The market is divided into four regions: North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Rest of the World. The automobile tire pressure monitoring systems market is expected to be dominated by Europe. The presence of well-known automakers in the region is projected to boost demand for tire pressure monitoring systems, adding to the region's high market share. With Japan and China, the Asia-Pacific is the most significant market for vehicles TPMS as it is a key automotive center. The automotive TPMS in India is projected to be driven by rising customer awareness, aftermarket installation of TPMS, and rising demand for premium cars. China and India are the market leaders in the area.
Factors such as rising premium automobile market penetration and an increase in safety installations per vehicle (due to government/agency adoption of safety standards) are driving up demand for TPMS and other ADAS. Safety systems, such as automotive TPMS, found in tiny and mid-sized cars in the advanced economies of Asia-Pacific, such as Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, are sophisticated and typically on par with those available in Europe and North America. In terms of value, North America dominated the worldwide Automotive Tire Pressure Monitoring System Market in 2019, with a 39.9% share, followed by Europe and the Asia Pacific, respectively.
COVID-19 IMPACT
The research and development department of Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems was effective despite the shutdown of production lines, social distancing rules, and strict lockdown all across the world owing to the Covid-19 epidemic. However, the fabrication of materials and sensors phase experienced a setback. Tithis is where the industry took a step back, but with more personal mobility preferences expected to emerge following the epidemic, the market aims to recover.
KEY PLAYERS
Key players of the market are WABCO, Pacific Industrial Co., Ltd ZF Friedrichshafen AG, ATEQ, Continental AG, Sensata Technologies, Inc., Huf Electronics, Automotive Technology & Co., Bartec USA LLC, Denso Corporation, DUNLOP TECH GmbH, Bendix Commercial Vehicles Systems LLC, NXP Semiconductors, NIRA Dynamics AB and Delphi Automotive.
To obtain a competitive edge in the industry, key companies are focusing on partnerships and collaborations. For example, Rivigo Services collaborated with JK Tyre in August 2019 to deploy TPMS in commercial cars in India. To improve their market presence, significant firms in the industry participate in events and conferences. ZF Friedrichshafen AG, for example, exhibited next-generation mobility solutions at IAA 2019 in July. Ateq TPMS Tools LC released the VT Truck, already “making waves” as an HGV TPMS maintenance tool for workshops. In October 2019, the European market's foray into TPMS equipment for commercial vehicles.
The market size and forecast for each segment and sub-segments has been considered as below:
- Historical Year – 2016 to 2018
- Base Year – 2020
- Projected Year – 2021 to 2027
SCOPE OF THE REPORT
The scope of this report covers the market by its major segments, which include as follows:
GLOBAL AUTOMOBILE TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM MARKET KEY PLAYERS
- ZF Friedrichshafen AG
- ATEQ
- Continental AG
- Bartec USA LLC
- Sensata Technologies Inc.
- Huf Electronics
- Automotive Technology & Co.
- Delphi Automotive
- Denso Corporation
- DUNLOP TECH GmbH
- Pacific Industrial Co. Ltd.
- Bendix Commercial Vehicles Systems LLC
- NXP Semiconductors
- NIRA Dynamics AB
GLOBAL AUTOMOBILE TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM MARKET, BY SYSTEM TYPE
- Direct TPMS
- Indirect TPMS
GLOBAL AUTOMOBILE TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE
- Passenger Vehicle
- Commercial vehicles
GLOBAL AUTOMOBILE TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM MARKET, BY SALES CHANNEL
- OEMs
- Aftermarkets
GLOBAL AUTOMOBILE TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM MARKET, BY REGION
- North America
- The U.S.
- Canada
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- United Kingdom
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- India
- China
- South Korea
- Japan
- Rest of APAC
- Latin America
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Argentina
- Rest of LATAM
- The Middle East and Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Rest of MEA
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. AUTOMOTIVE TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM MARKET OVERVIEW
1.1. Study Scope
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1. Market Snippet
2.1.1. Market Snippet by Type
2.1.2. Market Snippet by Sales Channel
2.1.3. Market Snippet by Vehicle Type
2.1.4. Market Snippet by Region
2.2. Competitive Insights
3. AUTOMOTIVE TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM KEY MARKET TRENDS
3.1. Market Drivers
3.1.1. Impact Analysis of Market Drivers
3.2. Market Restraints
3.2.1. Impact Analysis of Market Restraints
3.3. Market Opportunities
3.4. Market Future Trends
4. AUTOMOTIVE TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM INDUSTRY STUDY
4.1. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
4.2. Marketing Strategy Analysis
4.3. Growth Prospect Mapping
4.4. Regulatory Framework Analysis
5. AUTOMOTIVE TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM MARKET: COVID-19 IMPACT ANALYSIS
5.1. Pre-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5.2. Post-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5.2.1. Top Performing Segments
5.2.2. Marginal Growth Segments
5.2.3. Top Looser Segments
5.2.4. Marginal Loss Segments
6. AUTOMOTIVE TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM MARKET LANDSCAPE
6.1. Market Share Analysis, 2019
6.2. Key Innovators Analysis
6.3. Breakdown Data, by Key Manufacturer
6.3.1. Established Players’ Analysis
6.3.2. Emerging Players’ Analysis
7. AUTOMOTIVE TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM MARKET – BY TYPE
7.1. Overview
7.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Type, 2020 & 2027 (%)
7.2. Direct TPMS
7.2.1. Overview
7.2.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
7.3. Indirect TPMS
7.3.1. Overview
7.3.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion
8. AUTOMOTIVE TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM – BY VEHICLE TYPE
8.1. Overview
8.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Type, 2020 & 2027 (%)
8.2. Passenger Vehicle
8.2.1. Overview
8.2.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
8.3. Commercial Vehicle
8.3.1. Overview
8.3.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9. AUTOMOTIVE TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM – BY SALES CHANNEL
9.1. Overview
9.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Type, 2020 & 2027 (%)
9.2. OEMs
9.2.1. Overview
9.2.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.3. Aftermarket
9.3.1. Overview
9.3.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10. AUTOMOTIVE TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM MARKET– BY GEOGRAPHY
10.1. Introduction
10.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Geography, 2020 & 2027 (%)
10.2. North America
10.2.1. Overview
10.2.2. Key Manufacturers in North America
10.2.3. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.2.4. North America Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.2.5. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.2.6. North America Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.2.7. U.S.
10.2.7.1. Overview
10.2.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.2.7.3. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.2.7.4. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.2.7.5. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.2.8. Canada
10.2.8.1. Overview
10.2.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.2.8.3. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.2.8.4. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.2.8.5. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.3. Europe
10.3.1. Overview
10.3.2. Key Manufacturers in Europe
10.3.3. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.3.4. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.3.5. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle Type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.3.6. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.3.7. Germany
10.3.7.1. Overview
10.3.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.3.7.3. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.3.7.4. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.3.7.5. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.3.8. Italy
10.3.8.1. Overview
10.3.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.3.8.3. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.3.8.4. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.3.8.5. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.3.9. United Kingdom
10.3.9.1. Overview
10.3.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.3.9.3. U.K. Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.3.9.4. U.K. Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.3.9.5. U.K. Market Size and Forecast, By Sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.3.10. France
10.3.10.1. Overview
10.3.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.3.10.3. France Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.3.10.4. France Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.3.10.5. France Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.3.11. Rest of Europe
10.3.11.1. Overview
10.3.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.3.11.3. Rest of Europe Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.3.11.4. Rest of Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.3.11.5. Rest of Europe Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.4. Asia Pacific
10.4.1. Overview
10.4.2. Key Manufacturers in Asia Pacific
10.4.3. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.4.4. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.4.5. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.4.6. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.4.7. India
10.4.7.1. Overview
10.4.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.4.7.3. India Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.4.7.4. India Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.4.7.5. India Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.4.8. China
10.4.8.1. Overview
10.4.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.4.8.3. China Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.4.8.4. China Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.4.8.5. China Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.4.9. Japan
10.4.9.1. Overview
10.4.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.4.9.3. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.4.9.4. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US billion)
10.4.9.5. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US billion)
10.4.10. Rest of APAC
10.4.10.1. Overview
10.4.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.4.10.3. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.4.10.4. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.4.10.5. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.5. Latin America
10.5.1. Overview
10.5.2. Key Manufacturers in Latin America
10.5.3. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.5.4. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.5.5. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.5.6. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.5.7. Brazil
10.5.7.1. Overview
10.5.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.5.7.3. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.5.7.4. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.5.7.5. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.5.8. Mexico
10.5.8.1. Overview
10.5.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.5.8.3. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.5.8.4. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.5.8.5. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.5.9. Argentina
10.5.9.1. Overview
10.5.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.5.9.3. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.5.9.4. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.5.9.5. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.5.10. Rest of LATAM
10.5.10.1. Overview
10.5.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.5.10.3. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.5.10.4. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.5.10.5. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.6. Middle East and Africa
10.6.1. Overview
10.6.2. Key Manufacturers in Middle East and Africa
10.6.3. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.6.4. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.6.5. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.6.6. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.6.7. Saudi Arabia
10.6.7.1. Overview
10.6.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.6.7.3. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.6.7.4. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.6.7.5. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.6.8. United Arab Emirates
10.6.8.1. Overview
10.6.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.6.8.3. U.A.E. Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.6.8.4. U.A.E. Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.6.8.5. U.A.E. Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.6.9. Rest of MEA
10.6.9.1. Overview
10.6.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
10.6.9.3. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
10.6.9.4. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By Vehicle type, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10.6.9.5. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By sales channel, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
11. KEY VENDOR ANALYSIS
11.1. Competitive Dashboard
11.2. Company Profiles
11.2.1. ZF Friedrichshafen AG
11.2.1.1. Company Snapshot
11.2.1.2. Financial Performance
11.2.1.3. Product Benchmarking
11.2.1.4. Strategic Initiatives
11.2.2. ATEQ
11.2.3. Continental AG
11.2.4. Bartec USA LLC
11.2.5. Sensata Technologies Inc.
11.2.6. Huf Electronics
11.2.7. Automotive Technology & Co.
11.2.8. Delphi Automotive
11.2.9. Denso Corporation
11.2.10. DUNLOP TECH GmbH
11.2.11. Pacific Industrial Co. Ltd.
11.2.12. Bendix Commercial Vehicles Systems LLC
11.2.13. NXP Semiconductors
11.2.14. NIRA Dynamics AB
11.2.15. WABCO.
12. 360 DEGREE ANALYST VIEW
13. APPENDIX
13.1. Research Methodology
13.2. References
13.3. Abbreviations
13.4. Disclaimer
13.5. Contact Us
