Hexamethylenediamine Market, By Application (Nylon Synthesis, Curing Agents, Lubricants, Biocides, Coatings Intermediate, Adhesives and Water Treatment Chemical), By End-User Industry (Automotive, Textile, Paints & Coatings and Petrochemical), By Country, and By Region Industry Analysis, Market Size, Market Share & Forecast from 2023-2030
REPORT HIGHLIGHT
Hexamethylenediamine Market size was valued at USD 8,890.3 Million in 2022, expanding at a CAGR of 5.5% from 2023 to 2030.
HMDA, which stands for Hexamethylenediamine, is an organic compound represented by the chemical formula H2N (CH2)6NH2. This substance is a solid, possessing a colorless appearance, and emits a distinct amine-like odor. HMDA is essentially composed of a hexamethylene hydrocarbon chain featuring an amine functional group. Its versatility extends to various applications, including serving as a curingent, a corrosion inhibitor, and a valuable chemical intermediate in diverse chemical processes and industries.
Hexamethylenediamine Market- Market Dynamics
- Growing demand for HMDA for lubricant production drives market growth
The hexamethylenediamine market is witnessing a significant upswing, primarily driven by the escalating demand for this compound in lubricant production. Lubricants, including chainsaw oil, engine oil, and various grease formulations, are experiencing heightened demand, thereby propelling the growth of the hexamethylenediamine sector.
Particularly noteworthy is the engine oil segment, which plays a pivotal role in ensuring the smooth operation of internal combustion engines (ICEs). The consumption of engine oil in emerging economies like India has surpassed 2.5 billion liters annually, with a consistent annual growth rate ranging from 2.0% to 2.5%, especially when considering the aftermarket. Grease compositions, on the other hand, offer vital protectionainst issues such as fretting corrosion, false brinelling at extremely low temperatures of -55 degrees Fahrenheit, and moisture-related contamination. Consequently, the hexamethylenediamine market is poised for sustained expansion throughout the forecasted period.
Hexamethylenediamine Market- Key Insights
- According to the insights provided by our research analysts, the global Hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) market is poised for robust annual growth, with an estimated Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of approximately 5.5% throughout the forecast duration spanning from 2023 to 2030.
- The Hexamethylenediamine industry is anticipated to experience substantial expansion, primarily driven by the surging demand for HMDA in the realm of lubricants.
- When considering various applications, it is expected that the Nylon Synthesis segment will emerge as the dominant force in the market during the forecasted period.
- On a regional scale, the Asia Pacific region is forecasted to take the lead and exert significant influence over the market\'s trajectory throughout the projected timeframe.
Hexamethylenediamine Market- Segmentation Analysis:
The global Hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) market is structured around key factors, including its application, end-user industry, and geographical region.
In terms of application diversity, the global market offers a spectrum of opportunities, encompassing segments such as Nylon Synthesis, Curingents, Lubricants, Biocides, Coatings Intermediate, Adhesives, Water Treatment Chemical, and several others. Notably, the Nylon Synthesis segment is projected to take center stage, commanding a significant presence during the forecast period.
HMDA plays a pivotal role in the production of nylon-6,6, where its reaction with adipic acid forms the repeating units of the polymer chain. This process finds extensive use in the textile sector, contributing to the creation of textiles, yarns, and fibers. The production of nylon fibers, vital components in various textile products ranging from clothing to industrial textiles, hinges heavily on the availability of hexamethylenediamine. Furthermore, the remarkable attributes of Nylon-6,6, including its strength, heat resistance, and durability, make it a favored material in the automotive industry, further fueling the expansion of this particular market segment throughout the forecasted period.
Hexamethylenediamine Market- Competitive Landscape:
In the dynamic marketplace, major industry players have employed a spectrum of strategic approaches to maintain their competitive edge. These strategies encompass a range of actions, including the introduction of new products, acquisitions, forging partnerships and collaborations, as well as formalreements, among other initiatives.
Key companies driving innovation and competitiveness in the sector include Alfa Aesar, Lanxess, Junsei Chemical, Ashland Global Holdings, Ascend Performance Materials, Asahi Kasei Corporation, Dow, Compass Chemical International, Chengdu Dacheng Chemical, DuPont de Nemours, INVISTA, BASF SE, Merck KgaA, Evonik Industries, Daejungche Chemicals & Metals, Meryer (Shanghai) Chemical Technology, Radici Partecipazioni SpA, Shenma Industrial, Rennovia Inc, and Genomatica These industry leaders continue to shape the market landscape through their strategic maneuvers.
SCOPE OF THE REPORT
The scope of this report covers the market by its major segments, which include as follows:
GLOBAL HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE MARKET KEY PLAYERS
- Alfa Aesar
- Lanxess
- Junsei Chemical
- Ashland Global Holdings
- Ascend Performance Materials
- Asahi Kasei Corporation
- Dow
- Compass Chemical International
- Chengdu Dacheng Chemical
- DuPont de Nemours
- INVISTA
- BASF SE
- Merck KgaA
- Evonik Industries
- Daejungche Chemicals & Metals
- Meryer (Shanghai) Chemical Technology
- Radici Partecipazioni SpA
- Shenma Industrial
- Rennovia
- Genomatica
GLOBAL HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE MARKET, BY APPLICATION
- Nylon Synthesis
- Curingents
- Lubricants
- Biocides
- Coatings Intermediate
- Adhesives
- Water Treatment Chemical
- Others
GLOBAL HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE MARKET, BY END-USER INDUSTRY
- Automotive
- Textile
- Paints & Coatings
- Petrochemical
- Others
GLOBAL HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE MARKET, BY REGION
- North America
- The U.S.
- Canada
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- United Kingdom
- Russia
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- Poland
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- India
- China
- South Korea
- Japan
- Australia
- Thailand
- Indonesia
- Philippines
- Rest of APAC
- Latin America
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Argentina
- Colombia
- Rest of LATAM
- The Middle East and Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Israel
- Turkey
- Algeria
- Egypt
- Rest of MEA
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Hexamethylenediamine Market Overview
1.1. Study Scope
1.2. Market Estimation Years
2. Executive Summary
2.1. Market Snippet
2.1.1. Hexamethylenediamine Market Snippet by Application
2.1.2. Hexamethylenediamine Market Snippet by End-User Industry
2.1.3. Hexamethylenediamine Market Snippet by Country
2.1.4. Hexamethylenediamine Market Snippet by Region
2.2. Competitive Insights
3. Hexamethylenediamine Key Market Trends
3.1. Hexamethylenediamine Market Drivers
3.1.1. Impact Analysis of Market Drivers
3.2. Hexamethylenediamine Market Restraints
3.2.1. Impact Analysis of Market Restraints
3.3. Hexamethylenediamine Market Opportunities
3.4. Hexamethylenediamine Market Future Trends
4. Hexamethylenediamine Industry Study
4.1. PEST Analysis
4.2. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
4.3. Growth Prospect Mapping
4.4. Regulatory Framework Analysis
5. Hexamethylenediamine Market: COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5.1. Pre-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5.2. Post-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5.2.1. Top Performing Segments
5.2.2. Marginal Growth Segments
5.2.3. Top Looser Segments
5.2.4. Marginal Loss Segments
6. Hexamethylenediamine Market Landscape
6.1. Hexamethylenediamine Market Share Analysis, 2022
6.2. Breakdown Data, by Key Manufacturer
6.2.1. Established Players’ Analysis
6.2.2. Emerging Players’ Analysis
7. Hexamethylenediamine Market – By Application
7.1. Overview
7.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Application, 2022 & 2030 (%)
7.1.2. Nylon Synthesis
7.1.3. Curing Agents
7.1.4. Lubricants
7.1.5. Biocides
7.1.6. Coatings Intermediate
7.1.7. Adhesives
7.1.8. Water Treatment Chemical
7.1.9. Others
8. Hexamethylenediamine Market – By End-User Industry
8.1. Overview
8.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By End-User Industry, 2022 & 2030 (%)
8.1.2. Automotive
8.1.3. Textile
8.1.4. Paints & Coatings
8.1.5. Petrochemical
8.1.6. Others
9. Hexamethylenediamine Market– By Geography
9.1. Introduction
9.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Geography, 2022 & 2030 (%)
9.2. North America
9.2.1. Overview
9.2.2. Hexamethylenediamine Key Manufacturers in North America
9.2.3. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.2.4. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.2.5. North America Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.2.6. U.S.
9.2.6.1. Overview
9.2.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.2.6.3. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.2.6.4. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.2.7. Canada
9.2.7.1. Overview
9.2.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.2.7.3. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.2.7.4. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3. Europe
9.3.1. Overview
9.3.2. Hexamethylenediamine Key Manufacturers in Europe
9.3.3. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.4. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.5. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.6. Germany
9.3.6.1. Overview
9.3.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.6.3. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.6.4. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.7. Italy
9.3.7.1. Overview
9.3.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.7.3. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.7.4. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.8. United Kingdom
9.3.8.1. Overview
9.3.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.8.3. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.8.4. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.9. France
9.3.9.1. Overview
9.3.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.9.3. France Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.9.4. France Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.10. Russia
9.3.10.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.10.2. Russia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.10.3. Russia Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.11. Netherlands
9.3.11.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.11.2. Netherlands Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.11.3. Netherlands Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.12. Sweden
9.3.12.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.12.2. Sweden Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.12.3. Sweden Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.13. Poland
9.3.13.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.13.2. Poland Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.13.3. Poland Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.14. Rest of Europe
9.3.14.1. Overview
9.3.14.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.14.3. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.14.4. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4. Asia Pacific (APAC)
9.4.1. Overview
9.4.2. Hexamethylenediamine Key Manufacturers in Asia Pacific
9.4.3. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.4. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.5. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.6. India
9.4.6.1. Overview
9.4.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.6.3. India Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.6.4. India Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.7. China
9.4.7.1. Overview
9.4.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.7.3. China Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.7.4. China Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.8. Japan
9.4.8.1. Overview
9.4.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.8.3. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.8.4. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.9. South Korea
9.4.9.1. Overview
9.4.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.9.3. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.9.4. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.10. Australia
9.4.10.1. Overview
9.4.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.10.3. Australia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.10.4. Australia Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.11. Thailand
9.4.11.1. Overview
9.4.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.11.3. Thailand Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.11.4. Thailand Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.12. Indonesia
9.4.12.1. Overview
9.4.12.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.12.3. Indonesia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.12.4. Indonesia Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.13. Philippines
9.4.13.1. Overview
9.4.13.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.13.3. Philippines Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.13.4. Philippines Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.14. Rest of APAC
9.4.14.1. Overview
9.4.14.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.14.3. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.14.4. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5. Latin America
9.5.1. Overview
9.5.2. Hexamethylenediamine Key Manufacturers in Latin America
9.5.3. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.4. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.5. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.6. Brazil
9.5.6.1. Overview
9.5.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.5.6.3. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.6.4. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.7. Mexico
9.5.7.1. Overview
9.5.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.5.7.3. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.7.4. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.8. Argentina
9.5.8.1. Overview
9.5.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.5.8.3. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.8.4. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.9. Colombia
9.5.9.1. Overview
9.5.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.5.9.3. Colombia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.9.4. Colombia Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.10. Rest of LATAM
9.5.10.1. Overview
9.5.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.5.10.3. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.10.4. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6. Middle East and Africa
9.6.1. Overview
9.6.2. Hexamethylenediamine Key Manufacturers in Middle East and Africa
9.6.3. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.4. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.5. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.6. Saudi Arabia
9.6.6.1. Overview
9.6.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.6.6.3. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.6.4. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.7. United Arab Emirates
9.6.7.1. Overview
9.6.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.6.7.3. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.7.4. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.8. Israel
9.6.8.1. Overview
9.6.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.6.8.3. Israel Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.8.4. Israel Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.9. Turkey
9.6.9.1. Overview
9.6.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.6.9.3. Turkey Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.9.4. Turkey Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.10. Algeria
9.6.10.1. Overview
9.6.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.6.10.3. Algeria Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.10.4. Algeria Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.11. Egypt
9.6.11.1. Overview
9.6.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.6.11.3. Egypt Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.11.4. Egypt Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.12. Rest of MEA
9.6.12.1. Overview
9.6.12.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.6.12.3. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.12.4. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By End-User Industry, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
10. Key Vendor Analysis- Hexamethylenediamine Industry
10.1. Competitive Dashboard
10.2. Company Profiles
10.2.1. Alfa Aesar
10.2.2. Lanxess AG
10.2.3. Junsei Chemical Co. Ltd.
10.2.4. Ashland Global Holdings Inc.
10.2.5. Ascend Performance Materials LLC
10.2.6. Asahi Kasei Corporation
10.2.7. Dow Inc.
10.2.8. Compass Chemical International LLC
10.2.9. Chengdu Dacheng Chemical Co. Ltd.
10.2.10. DuPont de Nemours Inc.
10.2.11. INVISTA
10.2.12. BASF SE
10.2.13. Merck KgaA
10.2.14. Evonik Industries AG
10.2.15. Daejungche Chemicals & Metals Co. Ltd.
10.2.16. Meryer (Shanghai) Chemical Technology Co. Ltd.
10.2.17. Radici Partecipazioni SpA
10.2.18. Shenma Industrial Co. Ltd.
10.2.19. Rennovia Inc.
10.2.20. Genomatica Inc.
11. 360 Degree Analyst View
12. Appendix
12.1. Research Methodology
12.2. References
12.3. Abbreviations
12.4. Disclaimer
12.5. Contact Us
