Hospital Supplies Market, By Product Type (Patient Examination Devices, Operating Room Equipment, Mobility Aids and Transportation Equipment, Sterilization and Disinfectant Equipment, Disposable Hospital Supplies and Syringes and Needles), By End User (Hospitals, Ambulatory Surgical Centres, Clinics, Diagnostic Centres, Long Term Care Centres and Nursing Facilities), By Country, and By Region Industry Analysis, Market Size, Market Share & Forecast from 2024-2032
REPORT HIGHLIGHT
Hospital Supplies Market size was valued at USD 144,800 Million in 2023, expanding at a CAGR of 4.2% from 2024 to 2032.
Medical supplies encompass items that are consumable, expendable, disposable, or not designed for long-term use. These supplies are employed in the diagnosis or treatment of a patient\'s particular illness, injury, or medical condition.
Hospital Supplies Market- Market Dynamics
Rising prevalence of both communicable and chronic diseases, alongside an increasing awareness among the public regarding hospital-acquired infections is expected to propel the market demand
The growth of the hospital supplies market is influenced by rising prevalence of both communicable and chronic diseases, alongside an increasing awareness among the public regarding hospital-acquired infections. Additionally, the global burden of communicable (infectious) diseases continues to escalate. Clinical diagnostic tests stand as one of the most precise means of identifying and characterizing microorganisms, driving the demand for hospital supplies needed for diagnostic purposes. According to data updated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in September 2021, there were an estimated 10 million cases of tuberculosis (TB) globally in the previous year. This included 1.1 million children, 3.3 million women, and 5.6 million men. TB is a widespread concern affecting all nations and age groups.
Another infectious disease of concern is influenza, known for its potential to cause severe illness or death, particularly in high-risk individuals. An article titled \"The Number of Flu Cases Worldwide: A Global Perspective,\" published in February 2023, noted that seasonal influenza is believed to impact nearly 1 billion people worldwide each year. Furthermore, among those billion cases, approximately 3-5 million individuals experience severe flu-related illnesses annually. Consequently, the increased incidence of such infectious diseases is expected to drive demand for disposable hospital supplies, thereby boosting the overall demand for hospital supplies.
Hospital Supplies Market- Key Insights
- As per the analysis shared by our research analyst, the global Hospital Supplies Market is estimated to grow annually at a CAGR of around 4.2% over the forecast period (2024-2032)
- The Hospital supplies Market is projected to grow at a significant rate driven by rising prevalence of both communicable and chronic diseases, alongside an increasing awareness among the public regarding hospital-acquired infections
- Based on product type, the Sterilization and Disinfectant Equipment segment was predicted to show maximum market share in the year 2023
- Based on End User, hospital was the leading Segment in 2023
- On the basis of region, North America was the leading revenue generator in 2023
Hospital Supplies Market- Segmentation Analysis:
The Global Hospital Supplies Market is segmented on the basis of Product Type, By End User, and Region.
Based on the type of product, the market is divided into 6 segments: Operating Room Equipment, Mobility Aids and Transportation Equipment, Sterilization and Disinfectant Equipment, Disposable Hospital Supplies, Syringes and Needles, Other Products. The Sterilization and Disinfectant Equipment segment is the dominant segment during the forecast period. Cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization are of paramount importance for both hospitals and patients within healthcare facilities. Globally, hospitals are allocating substantial resources to procure supplies that ensure the cleanliness of equipment, prevent healthcare-associated infections, maintain the sterility of surgical instruments, and promote staff hygiene. The heightened awareness of the need to prevent infections, whether in hospital settings or home care, is driving a significant surge in demand for sterilization and disinfectant products among end users. This heightened demand is expected to propel the growth of this segment during the forecast period.
The market is categorized by End User into 6 segments: Hospitals, Ambulatory Surgical Centres, Clinics, Diagnostic Centres, Long Term Care Centres, Nursing Facilities. In 2021, the hospital segment commanded a substantial market share Hospitals, characterized by a sizable patient population, are particularly susceptible to various viral infections. Consequently, there is a growing emphasis on maintaining a hygienic environment within these healthcare institutions, driving the demand for essential hospital supplies.
Hospital Supplies Market- Competitive Landscape:
Companies operating in the hospital supplies market employ diverse strategies to stay competitive. These include continuous product innovation to enhance efficiency and patient outcomes, diversification of product portfolios, strategic partnerships with healthcare institutions and distributors, global expansion efforts, digital integration for improved supply chain management, sustainability initiatives to meet eco-friendly demands, rigorous quality assurance measures, and a strong customer-centric approach to understand and fulfill the unique needs of healthcare providers. These strategies collectively enable companies to address evolving market dynamics, build trust, and ensure a steady supply of essential medical products to healthcare facilities.
Recent Developments:
- In April 2023, TytoCare, a prominent global player in the hospital supply units market, entered into a partnership with MemorialCare, an innovative non-profit health system. This collaboration involves integrating the TytoCare solution into MemorialCare\'s existing telehealth appointments, empowering physicians to deliver advanced remote care with comprehensive physical examinations. These strategic product launches are expected to be instrumental in propelling market growth throughout the forecast period.
- In March 2023, Datasea Inc. introduced Ultrasonic Sound Sterilization and Antivirus Equipment, targeting diverse End User scenarios and expressing plans to penetrate the United States market with acoustic intelligence products. This equipment features groundbreaking acoustic intelligence-powered disinfection, validated through research conducted by third-party laboratories, demonstrating its ability to purify the air and reduce bacteria and viruses, including COVID-19 and H1N1, by over 99.9%.
SCOPE OF THE REPORT
The scope of this report covers the market by its major segments, which include as follows:
GLOBAL HOSPITAL SUPPLIES MARKET KEY PLAYERS
- 3M
- B Braun Melsungen AG
- Baxter International Inc.
- Becton, Dickinson and Company
- Boston Scientific Corporation
- Cardinal Health Inc.
- Medtronic PLC
- GE Healthcare
- Johnson & Johnson
GLOBAL HOSPITAL SUPPLIES MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE
- Patient Examination Devices
- Operating Room Equipment
- Mobility Aids and Transportation Equipment
- Sterilization and Disinfectant Equipment
- Disposable Hospital Supplies
- Syringes and Needles
- Other Products
GLOBAL HOSPITAL SUPPLIES MARKET, BY END USER
- Hospitals
- Ambulatory Surgical Centres
- Clinics
- Diagnostic Centres
- Long Term Care Centres
- Nursing Facilities
GLOBAL HOSPITAL SUPPLIES MARKET, BY REGION
- North America
- The U.S.
- Canada
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- United Kingdom
- Russia
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- Poland
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- India
- China
- South Korea
- Japan
- Australia
- Thailand
- Indonesia
- Philippines
- Rest of APAC
- Latin America
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Argentina
- Colombia
- Rest of LATAM
- The Middle East and Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Israel
- Turkey
- Algeria
- Egypt
- Rest of MEA
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Hospital Supplies Market Overview
1.1. Study Scope
1.2. Market Estimation Years
2. Executive Summary
2.1. Market Snippet
2.1.1. Hospital Supplies Market Snippet by Product Type
2.1.2. Hospital Supplies Market Snippet by End User
2.1.3. Hospital Supplies Market Snippet by Country
2.1.4. Hospital Supplies Market Snippet by Region
2.2. Competitive Insights
3. Hospital Supplies Key Market Trends
3.1. Hospital Supplies Market Drivers
3.1.1. Impact Analysis of Market Drivers
3.2. Hospital Supplies Market Restraints
3.2.1. Impact Analysis of Market Restraints
3.3. Hospital Supplies Market Opportunities
3.4. Hospital Supplies Market Future Trends
4. Hospital Supplies Industry Study
4.1. PEST Analysis
4.2. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
4.3. Growth Prospect Mapping
4.4. Regulatory Framework Analysis
5. Hospital Supplies Market: COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5.1. Pre-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5.2. Post-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5.2.1. Top Performing Segments
5.2.2. Marginal Growth Segments
5.2.3. Top Looser Segments
5.2.4. Marginal Loss Segments
6. Hospital Supplies Market Landscape
6.1. Hospital Supplies Market Share Analysis, 2023
6.2. Breakdown Data, by Key Manufacturer
6.2.1. Established Players’ Analysis
6.2.2. Emerging Players’ Analysis
7. Hospital Supplies Market – By Product Type
7.1. Overview
7.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Product Type, 2023 & 2032 (%)
7.1.2. Patient Examination Devices
7.1.3. Operating Room Equipment
7.1.4. Mobility Aids and Transportation Equipment
7.1.5. Sterilization and Disinfectant Equipment
7.1.6. Disposable Hospital Supplies
7.1.7. Syringes and Needles
7.1.8. Other Products
8. Hospital Supplies Market – By End User
8.1. Overview
8.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By End User, 2023 & 2032 (%)
8.1.2. Hospitals
8.1.3. Ambulatory Surgical Centres
8.1.4. Clinics
8.1.5. Diagnostic Centres
8.1.6. Long Term Care Centres
8.1.7. Nursing Facilities
9. Hospital Supplies Market– By Geography
9.1. Introduction
9.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Geography, 2023 & 2032 (%)
9.2. North America
9.2.1. Overview
9.2.2. Hospital Supplies Key Manufacturers in North America
9.2.3. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.2.4. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.2.5. North America Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.2.6. U.S.
9.2.6.1. Overview
9.2.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.2.6.3. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.2.6.4. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.2.7. Canada
9.2.7.1. Overview
9.2.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.2.7.3. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.2.7.4. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3. Europe
9.3.1. Overview
9.3.2. Hospital Supplies Key Manufacturers in Europe
9.3.3. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.4. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.5. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.6. Germany
9.3.6.1. Overview
9.3.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.3.6.3. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.6.4. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.7. Italy
9.3.7.1. Overview
9.3.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.3.7.3. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.7.4. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.8. United Kingdom
9.3.8.1. Overview
9.3.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.3.8.3. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.8.4. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.9. France
9.3.9.1. Overview
9.3.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.3.9.3. France Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.9.4. France Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.10. Russia
9.3.10.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.3.10.2. Russia Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.10.3. Russia Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.11. Netherlands
9.3.11.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.3.11.2. Netherlands Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.11.3. Netherlands Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.12. Sweden
9.3.12.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.3.12.2. Sweden Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.12.3. Sweden Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.13. Poland
9.3.13.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.3.13.2. Poland Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.13.3. Poland Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.14. Rest of Europe
9.3.14.1. Overview
9.3.14.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.3.14.3. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.3.14.4. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4. Asia Pacific (APAC)
9.4.1. Overview
9.4.2. Hospital Supplies Key Manufacturers in Asia Pacific
9.4.3. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.4. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.5. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.6. India
9.4.6.1. Overview
9.4.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.4.6.3. India Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.6.4. India Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.7. China
9.4.7.1. Overview
9.4.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.4.7.3. China Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.7.4. China Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.8. Japan
9.4.8.1. Overview
9.4.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.4.8.3. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.8.4. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.9. South Korea
9.4.9.1. Overview
9.4.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.4.9.3. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.9.4. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.10. Australia
9.4.10.1. Overview
9.4.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.4.10.3. Australia Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.10.4. Australia Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.11. Thailand
9.4.11.1. Overview
9.4.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.4.11.3. Thailand Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.11.4. Thailand Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.12. Indonesia
9.4.12.1. Overview
9.4.12.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.4.12.3. Indonesia Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.12.4. Indonesia Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.13. Philippines
9.4.13.1. Overview
9.4.13.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.4.13.3. Philippines Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.13.4. Philippines Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.14. Rest of APAC
9.4.14.1. Overview
9.4.14.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.4.14.3. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.4.14.4. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.5. Latin America
9.5.1. Overview
9.5.2. Hospital Supplies Key Manufacturers in Latin America
9.5.3. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.5.4. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.5.5. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.5.6. Brazil
9.5.6.1. Overview
9.5.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.5.6.3. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.5.6.4. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.5.7. Mexico
9.5.7.1. Overview
9.5.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.5.7.3. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.5.7.4. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.5.8. Argentina
9.5.8.1. Overview
9.5.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.5.8.3. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.5.8.4. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.5.9. Colombia
9.5.9.1. Overview
9.5.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.5.9.3. Colombia Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.5.9.4. Colombia Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.5.10. Rest of LATAM
9.5.10.1. Overview
9.5.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.5.10.3. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.5.10.4. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6. Middle East and Africa
9.6.1. Overview
9.6.2. Hospital Supplies Key Manufacturers in Middle East and Africa
9.6.3. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.4. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.5. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.6. Saudi Arabia
9.6.6.1. Overview
9.6.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.6.6.3. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.6.4. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.7. United Arab Emirates
9.6.7.1. Overview
9.6.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.6.7.3. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.7.4. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.8. Israel
9.6.8.1. Overview
9.6.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.6.8.3. Israel Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.8.4. Israel Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.9. Turkey
9.6.9.1. Overview
9.6.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.6.9.3. Turkey Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.9.4. Turkey Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.10. Algeria
9.6.10.1. Overview
9.6.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.6.10.3. Algeria Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.10.4. Algeria Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.11. Egypt
9.6.11.1. Overview
9.6.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.6.11.3. Egypt Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.11.4. Egypt Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.12. Rest of MEA
9.6.12.1. Overview
9.6.12.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
9.6.12.3. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
9.6.12.4. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By End User, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
10. Key Vendor Analysis- Hospital Supplies Industry
10.1. Competitive Dashboard
10.2. Company Profiles
10.2.1. 3M
10.2.2. B Braun Melsungen AG
10.2.3. Baxter International Inc.
10.2.4. Becton, Dickinson and Company
10.2.5. Boston Scientific Corporation
10.2.6. Cardinal Health Inc.
10.2.7. Medtronic PLC
10.2.8. GE Healthcare
10.2.9. Johnson & Johnson
11. 360 Degree Analyst View
12. Appendix
12.1. Research Methodology
12.2. References
12.3. Abbreviations
12.4. Disclaimer
12.5. Contact Us
