Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market with COVID-19 Impact Analysis, By Derived Cell (Hepatocytes, Fibroblasts, Amniotic Cells, Cardiomyocytes, Others), By Application (Manufacturing, Academic Research, Drug Development & Discovery, Toxicity Screening, Regenerative Medicine), By Country, and By Region Industry Analysis, Market Size, Market Share & Forecast from 2023-2030
REPORT HIGHLIGHT
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market size was valued at USD 2,005.3 million in 2022, expanding at a CAGR of 7.1% from 2023 to 2030.
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a type of stem cell that are artificially generated from adult cells, typically skin or blood cells, through a process called reprogramming. iPSCs possess the remarkable ability to differentiate into various cell types found in the human body, similar to embryonic stem cells. This pluripotent nature makes iPSCs valuable in research, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. iPSCs hold great promise for studying disease mechanisms, developing personalized medicine, and regenerating damaged tissues or organs. Their ability to be derived from a patient's own cells offers the potential for personalized cell therapies, minimizing the risk of immune rejection. iPSCs represent a significant breakthrough in stem cell research and have opened up new avenues for understanding and treating various diseases and conditions.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market- Market Dynamics
One major driver for the development and utilization of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is their potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine and personalized therapies. iPSCs provide a valuable tool for studying disease mechanisms, drug discovery, and developing innovative treatment approaches. Their ability to differentiate into various cell types allows researchers to model diseases in a laboratory setting, enabling better understanding of disease progression and identification of potential therapeutic targets. Another driver is the ethical advantage of iPSCs over embryonic stem cells. iPSCs can be derived from adult cells, avoiding the need for the use of embryos, thereby alleviating ethical concerns associated with embryonic stem cell research. This broader acceptance and support for iPSC research has fueled its growth and adoption in the scientific and medical communities.
One restraint in the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is the risk of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities that can occur during the reprogramming process. These abnormalities may affect the functionality and safety of iPSC-derived cells, potentially limiting their effectiveness for therapeutic applications. Additionally, the complex and costly nature of iPSC generation and maintenance, as well as the challenges associated with large-scale production, pose practical limitations in terms of scalability and cost-effectiveness.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market- Geographical Insights
Geographically, this market is widespread in the regions of North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Middle East and Africa. The demand for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in North America is driven by various factors. One of the main drivers is the significant investment in biomedical research and regenerative medicine in the region. North America is home to numerous prestigious research institutions, biotechnology companies, and academic centers, creating a high demand for iPSCs as a valuable tool for studying diseases, drug discovery, and cell-based therapies. Additionally, the strong regulatory framework and supportive policies in the United States and Canada have fostered a favorable environment for iPSC research and development. The establishment of stem cell research centers, collaborations between academia and industry, and government funding initiatives further contribute to the growing demand for iPSCs in North America. Moreover, the high prevalence of chronic diseases and age-related conditions in North America has fueled the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. iPSCs hold promise for personalized medicine and regenerative therapies, making them sought after by researchers and clinicians in the region.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market- Competitive Landscape:
The competitive landscape for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is characterized by a mix of academic institutions, research organizations, and private companies. Numerous companies and academic institutions have developed proprietary technologies and methodologies for iPSC generation, differentiation, and characterization. In the academic sector, prominent research institutions and universities play a significant role in iPSC research and development. They contribute to advancing the understanding of iPSC biology, disease modeling, and potential therapeutic applications. Private companies have also emerged as key players in the iPSC market. They offer iPSC generation services, specialized cell lines, and differentiation kits for research and drug discovery purposes. These companies leverage their expertise in cell biology, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine to provide innovative solutions and drive commercialization of iPSC-based technologies..In November 2021, Ncardia (Gosselies, Belgium), a leading human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology company, has recently announced their partnership with investment platform Kiniciti (NY, USA) – a collaboration which will facilitate the development of innovative iPSC-derived advanced therapies.
SCOPE OF THE REPORT
The scope of this report covers the market by its major segments, which include as follows:
GLOBAL INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL (IPSC) MARKET KEY PLAYERS
- Lonza
- Axol Biosciences Ltd.
- Evotec SE
- Hitachi Ltd.
- Merck KGaA
- REPROCELLS, Inc.
- Fate Therapeutics
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
- StemCellsFactory III
- Applied StemCells, Inc.
- BlueRock Therapeutics
- Cynata Therapeutics
- Celgene Corporation
- Novo Nordisk A/S
- Lineage Cell Therapeutics
GLOBAL INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL (IPSC) MARKET, BY DERIVED CELL
- Hepatocytes
- Fibroblasts
- Amniotic Cells
- Cardiomyocytes
- Others
GLOBAL INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL (IPSC) MARKET, BY APPLICATION
- Manufacturing
- Academic Research
- Drug Development & Discovery
- Toxicity Screening
- Regenerative Medicine
GLOBAL INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL (IPSC) MARKET, BY REGION
- North America
- The U.S.
- Canada
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- United Kingdom
- Russia
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- Poland
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- India
- China
- South Korea
- Japan
- Australia
- Thailand
- Indonesia
- Philippines
- Rest of APAC
- Latin America
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Argentina
- Colombia
- Rest of LATAM
- The Middle East and Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Israel
- Turkey
- Algeria
- Egypt
- Rest of MEA
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market Overview
1.1. Study Scope
2. Executive Summary
2.1. Market Snippet
2.1.1. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market Snippet by Derived Cells
2.1.2. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market Snippet by Application
2.1.3. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market Snippet by Country
2.1.4. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market Snippet by Region
2.2. Competitive Insights
3. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Key Market Trends
3.1. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market Drivers
3.1.1. Impact Analysis of Market Drivers
3.2. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market Restraints
3.2.1. Impact Analysis of Market Restraints
3.3. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market Opportunities
3.4. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market Future Trends
4. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Industry Study
4.1. PEST Analysis
4.2. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
4.3. Growth Prospect Mapping
4.4. Regulatory Framework Analysis
5. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market: COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5.1. Pre-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5.2. Post-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5.2.1. Top Performing Segments
5.2.2. Marginal Growth Segments
5.2.3. Top Looser Segments
5.2.4. Marginal Loss Segments
6. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market Landscape
6.1. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market Share Analysis, 2022
6.2. Breakdown Data, by Key Manufacturer
6.2.1. Established Players’ Analysis
6.2.2. Emerging Players’ Analysis
7. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market – By Derived cells
7.1. Overview
7.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Derived cells, 2022 & 2030 (%)
7.1.2. Standard Steel Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)
7.1.3. Non-magnetic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)
8. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market – By Application
8.1. Overview
8.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Application, 2022 & 2030 (%)
8.1.2. Onshore
8.1.3. Offshore
9. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Market– By Geography
9.1. Introduction
9.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Geography, 2022 & 2030 (%)
9.2. North America
9.2.1. Overview
9.2.2. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Key Manufacturers in North America
9.2.3. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.2.4. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.2.5. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.2.6. U.S.
9.2.6.1. Overview
9.2.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.2.6.3. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.2.6.4. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.2.7. Canada
9.2.7.1. Overview
9.2.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.2.7.3. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.2.7.4. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3. Europe
9.3.1. Overview
9.3.2. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Key Manufacturers in Europe
9.3.3. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.4. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.5. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.6. Germany
9.3.6.1. Overview
9.3.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.6.3. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.6.4. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.7. Italy
9.3.7.1. Overview
9.3.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.7.3. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.7.4. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.8. United Kingdom
9.3.8.1. Overview
9.3.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.8.3. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.8.4. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.9. France
9.3.9.1. Overview
9.3.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.9.3. France Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.9.4. France Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.10. Russia
9.3.10.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.10.2. Russia Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.10.3. Russia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.11. Netherlands
9.3.11.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.11.2. Netherlands Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.11.3. Netherlands Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.12. Sweden
9.3.12.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.12.2. Sweden Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.12.3. Sweden Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.13. Poland
9.3.13.1. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.13.2. Poland Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.13.3. Poland Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.14. Rest of Europe
9.3.14.1. Overview
9.3.14.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.3.14.3. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3.14.4. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4. Asia Pacific (APAC)
9.4.1. Overview
9.4.2. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Key Manufacturers in Asia Pacific
9.4.3. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.4. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.5. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.6. India
9.4.6.1. Overview
9.4.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.6.3. India Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.6.4. India Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.7. China
9.4.7.1. Overview
9.4.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.7.3. China Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.7.4. China Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.8. Japan
9.4.8.1. Overview
9.4.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.8.3. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.8.4. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.9. South Korea
9.4.9.1. Overview
9.4.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.9.3. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.9.4. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.10. Australia
9.4.10.1. Overview
9.4.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.10.3. Australia Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.10.4. Australia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.11. Thailand
9.4.11.1. Overview
9.4.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.11.3. Thailand Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.11.4. Thailand Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.12. Indonesia
9.4.12.1. Overview
9.4.12.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.12.3. Indonesia Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.12.4. Indonesia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.13. Philippines
9.4.13.1. Overview
9.4.13.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.13.3. Philippines Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.13.4. Philippines Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.14. Rest of APAC
9.4.14.1. Overview
9.4.14.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.4.14.3. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4.14.4. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5. Latin America
9.5.1. Overview
9.5.2. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Key Manufacturers in Latin America
9.5.3. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.4. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.5. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.6. Brazil
9.5.6.1. Overview
9.5.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.5.6.3. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.6.4. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.7. Mexico
9.5.7.1. Overview
9.5.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.5.7.3. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.7.4. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.8. Argentina
9.5.8.1. Overview
9.5.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.5.8.3. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.8.4. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.9. Colombia
9.5.9.1. Overview
9.5.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.5.9.3. Colombia Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.9.4. Colombia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.10. Rest of LATAM
9.5.10.1. Overview
9.5.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.5.10.3. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5.10.4. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6. Middle East and Africa
9.6.1. Overview
9.6.2. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Key Manufacturers in Middle East and Africa
9.6.3. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.4. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.5. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.6. Saudi Arabia
9.6.6.1. Overview
9.6.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.6.6.3. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.6.4. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.7. United Arab Emirates
9.6.7.1. Overview
9.6.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.6.7.3. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.7.4. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.8. Israel
9.6.8.1. Overview
9.6.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.6.8.3. Israel Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.8.4. Israel Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.9. Turkey
9.6.9.1. Overview
9.6.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.6.9.3. Turkey Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.9.4. Turkey Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.10. Algeria
9.6.10.1. Overview
9.6.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.6.10.3. Algeria Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.10.4. Algeria Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.11. Egypt
9.6.11.1. Overview
9.6.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.6.11.3. Egypt Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.11.4. Egypt Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.12. Rest of MEA
9.6.12.1. Overview
9.6.12.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2018 - 2030, (US$ Million)
9.6.12.3. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By Derived cells, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
9.6.12.4. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (US$ Million)
10. Key Vendor Analysis- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Industry
10.1. Competitive Dashboard
10.2. Company Profiles
10.2.1. Lonza
10.2.2. Axol Biosciences Ltd.
10.2.3. Evotec SE
10.2.4. Hitachi Ltd.
10.2.5. Merck KGaA
10.2.6. REPROCELLS, Inc.
10.2.7. Fate Therapeutics
10.2.8. Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
10.2.9. StemCellsFactory III
10.2.10. Applied StemCells, Inc.
10.2.11. BlueRock Therapeutics
10.2.12. Cynata Therapeutics
10.2.13. Celgene Corporation
10.2.14. Novo Nordisk A/S
10.2.15. Lineage Cell Therapeutics
11. 360 Degree Analyst View
12. Appendix
12.1. Research Methodology
12.2. References
12.3. Abbreviations
12.4. Disclaimer
12.5. Contact Us
