/ Report Details / Global Surface Vision and Inspection Market: By system type (Computer-based and camera-based)
Global Surface Vision and Inspection Market: By system type (Computer-based and camera-based), By Components (Software and Hardware), By Application (automotive, electronics and electrical, medical, food and beverages, and logistics and postal sourcing), By regions (North America, Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East & Africa, Latin America)
Report Code: AV1029
Industry: Semiconductor and Electronics
Publiced On: 2021-09-15
Pages: 281
Format:
REPORT HIGHLIGHT
The surface inspection market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 7.4 %, from USD 3.7 billion in 2020 to USD 6 billion by 2027. The growing need for quality assurance and automation, rising salaries in various nations, and developments in vision technology and industrial expansion are projected to drive the market forward. Furthermore, the increase in incomes in numerous countries is expected to drive the surface vision and inspection demand.
The act of studying topographical details of an object in detail, disclosing any regions of interest such as contour changes or ridges, as well as any flaws such as dents or scratches, is known as surface vision and inspection. Surface vision and assessment have become critical in the industrial process because they improve productivity, simplify operations, improve product quality, and decrease waste.
MARKET DYNAMICS
Advanced solutions, such as machine vision (MV), allow firms to improve production efficiency by automatically allowing equipment to complete inspections. Manufacturers are increasingly turning to machine vision solutions because they provide the most reliable inspection results, great efficiency, improved quality control, and a high degree of customer satisfaction. For visual inspections requiring high magnification, fast speed, and reproducibility of measurements, manufacturers select MV. It can scan serial numbers, count items, and discover faults and surface flaws, among other things. For example, in the semiconductor sector, this technology is critical for fabrication.
Industry participants have been delivering different solutions at lower costs and more efficiency to expand their market position. 3D vision utilizing laser triangulation is becoming increasingly used in various sectors, including automotive, solar cells, printing, semiconductors, and so on. It employs a single camera positioned at a certain angle to give essential dimensions measurement. It's a cost-effective technique because most solutions require several cameras, which are costly. With enhanced speed and excellent precision, the technology dramatically lowers manufacturing costs while also enhancing quality. This technique has recently been used to analyze RFID circuitry and designs on flex circuits by electronic printing companies.
In the coming years, the growing demand for robot-based inspection systems, particularly collaborative robots (Cobots), and increased interest in the industrial internet of things (IIoT) and superior quality inspections will provide additional opportunities for the market to grow. The capacity of automated inspection to adapt fast and readily to various surfaces and goods and the ability to program and monitor them remotely has increased their popularity across industries. However, as product design and production become more challenging, the industry's growth may be hampered shortly. Lack of technically qualified people is expected to hamper the expansion of the market throughout the forecast period, preventing appropriate system integration across a variety of sectors.
MARKET SEGMENTATION
The global market can be segmented on system type, components, and application industries.
SYSTEM TYPE TAKEAWAY
Computer systems and camera-based systems are two major options available in the industry. Computer systems are becoming more prevalent in the surface inspection sector, which needs complicated algorithms. A computer-based system is more flexible than a camera-based system for several reasons: it can handle a wider range of applications due to the use of high-speed Intel processors; it allows you to choose between an area scan or a line scan camera; and it will enable third-party software, unlike camera systems that have single-source software. Computer-based systems can perform complicated operations reasonably fast, and they often have more processing capacity, allowing them to manage unexpected variables in specific jobs. These features are boosting demand for computer-based systems in the market.
COMPONENTS TAKEAWAY
The industry is divided into two categories: hardware and software. Cameras, lenses, illumination, frame grabbers, and other hardware are included in the hardware category. Cameras account for the majority of the industry's revenue. Microchips and LEDs used in cameras are improving all the time, allowing for the development of more dependable, compact, and cost-effective devices. Manufacturers use smart and digital cameras because they offer more efficient outcomes than analog cameras. Because of the rising need for complex and advanced software solutions, software and hardware systems are expected to expand at a CAGR of over 8% throughout the projected period. These solutions make it easier to integrate with other automation tools.
APPLICATION TAKEAWAY
The market is divided into automotive, electronics and electrical, medical, food and beverages, and logistics and postal sourcing based on application. Over 20% of total income was generated by the electronics and electrical industries. The electronics and electrical drive are projected to increase because of many testing applications across manufactured systems and chips. The need for vision and inspection systems is growing in the automotive industry due to the complicated designs of vehicles, raising the risk of manufacturing mistakes and faults. Manufacturers are using such methods to identify aesthetic and functional responsibilities to avoid such defects and errors. Many companies in food and pharmaceutical businesses are increasingly concentrating on traceability due to strict laws aimed at improving food and medication safety and combating counterfeiting. Inspection systems add value by preventing parallel commerce through illicit routes, preventing counterfeiting, and increasing visibility.
REGIONAL TAKEAWAYS
The global market is divided into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, and Latin America. The rise in acceptance of surface vision systems by the automobile sector to eliminate human inspection will drive the growth of the surface vision market in North America. As manufacturers in these areas replace outdated machinery with modern automated systems, the surface vision and inspection market in North America and Europe are projected to develop steadily. Due to increased industrial operations and automation of production plants, Asia-Pacific's surface vision and inspection market are expected to grow significantly. Major manufacturers in the industry are located in China as the country offers cheap labor and higher production capacities. Further, the growing industrial base and increasing manufacturing facilities of China and India may contribute to the regional growth.
COVID-19 IMPACT
The COVID-19 epidemic has had a significant impact on the worldwide surface vision and inspection industry. In every sector, visual examination of finished products has long been one of the most fundamental and well-known quality control applications for improved quality. A stop in the production process of key end-use sectors, on the other hand, had a significant impact on demand for automated inspection systems. Strict lockdowns enforced by various countries have resulted in limitations on worker mobility and transportation, causing many manufacturing companies throughout the world to shut down temporarily. In the present pandemic situation, this is one of the key variables impacting worldwide market growth. However, once the production process is restarted, demand for surface vision and inspection is projected to increase for the remainder of the projection period.
KEY PLAYERS
Some of the prominent companies in the global surface inspection market are Adept Technology, Inc., ETS SuperVision BV, Edmund Optics Inc., Industrial Vision Systems Ltd, Matrox Imaging, Omron Corporation, Adept Technology, Inc., Cognex Corporation, Dark Field Technologies, Microscan Systems Inc. Vitronic GmbH Radiant Vision Systems LLC., Toshiba Teli Corporation Baumer Inspection, and Shelton Machines Limited.
Collaboration and alliances with government agencies and municipality development agencies are a major trend in the global hydropower turbine generator unit market. This type of collaboration helps companies lock in future business to avoid market volatility.
The market size and forecast for each segment and sub-segments has been considered as below:
- Historical Year – 2016 to 2019
- Base Year – 2020
- Projected Year – 2021 to 2027
SCOPE OF THE REPORT
The scope of this report covers the market by its major segments, which include as follows:
GLOBAL SURFACE VISION AND INSPECTION MARKET KEY PLAYERS
- Adept Technology, Inc.
- ETS SuperVision BV
- Edmund Optics Inc.
- Cognex Corporation
- Industrial Vision Systems Ltd.
- Matrox Imaging
- Microscan Systems Inc.
- Vitronic GmbH
- Omron Corporation
- Adept Technology Inc.
- Toshiba Teli Corporation
- Dark Field Technologies
- Radiant Vision Systems LLC.
- Baumer Inspection
- Shelton Machines Ltd.
GLOBAL SURFACE VISION AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY SYSTEM TYPE
- Camera-Based
- Computer-Based
GLOBAL SURFACE VISION AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY COMPONENTS
- Hardware
- Software
GLOBAL SURFACE VISION AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS
- Automotive
- Electronics & Electrical
- Medical
- Food & Beverages
- Logistics and Sourcing
GLOBAL SURFACE VISION AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY REGION
- North America
- The U.S.
- Canada
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- United Kingdom
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- India
- China
- South Korea
- Japan
- Rest of APAC
- Latin America
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Argentina
- Rest of LATAM
- The Middle East and Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Rest of MEA
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. SURFACE VISION AND INSPECTION MARKET OVERVIEW
1.1. Study Scope
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1. Market Snippet
2.1.1. Market Snippet by System type
2.1.2. Market Snippet by Components
2.1.3. Market Snippet by Applications
2.1.4. Market Snippet by Region
2.2. Competitive Insights
3. SURFACE VISION AND INSPECTION KEY MARKET TRENDS
3.1. Market Drivers
3.1.1. Impact Analysis of Market Drivers
3.2. Market Restraints
3.2.1. Impact Analysis of Market Restraints
3.3. Market Opportunities
3.4. Market Future Trends
4. SURFACE VISION AND INSPECTION APPLICATION STUDY
4.1. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
4.2. Marketing Strategy Analysis
4.3. Growth Prospect Mapping
4.4. Regulatory Framework Analysis
5. SURFACE VISION AND INSPECTION MARKET: COVID-19 IMPACT ANALYSIS
5.1. Pre-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5.2. Post-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5.2.1. Top Performing Segments
5.2.2. Marginal Growth Segments
5.2.3. Top Looser Segments
5.2.4. Marginal Loss Segments
6. SURFACE VISION AND INSPECTION MARKET LANDSCAPE
6.1. Market Share Analysis, 2019
6.2. Key Innovators Analysis
6.3. Breakdown Data, by Key Manufacturer
6.3.1. Established Players’ Analysis
6.3.2. Emerging Players’ Analysis
6.4. SURFACE VISION AND INSPECTION MARKET – BY SYSTEM TYPE
6.5. Overview
6.5.1. Segment Share Analysis, By SystemType, 2020 & 2027 (%)
6.6. Camera based
6.6.1. Overview
6.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
6.7. Computer based
6.7.1. Overview
6.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion
7. SURFACE VISION AND INSPECTION MARKET – BY COMPONENTS
7.1. Overview
7.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Components, 2020 & 2027 (%)
7.2. Hardware
7.2.1. Overview
7.2.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
7.3. Software
7.3.1. Overview
7.3.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
8. SURFACE VISION AND INSPECTION MARKET – BY APPLICATIONS
8.1. Overview
8.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Applications, 2020 & 2027 (%)
8.2. Automotive
8.2.1. Overview
8.2.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
8.3. Electronics & Electrical
8.3.1. Overview
8.3.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
8.4. Food & Beverages
8.4.1. Overview
8.4.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
8.5. Medical
8.5.1. Overview
8.5.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
8.6. Logistics and Sourcing
8.6.1. Overview
8.6.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9. SURFACE VISION AND INSPECTION MARKET– BY GEOGRAPHY
9.1. Introduction
9.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Geography, 2020 & 2027 (%)
9.2. North America
9.2.1. Overview
9.2.2. Key Manufacturers in North America
9.2.3. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.2.4. North America Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.2.5. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.2.6. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.2.7. U.S.
9.2.7.1. Overview
9.2.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.2.7.3. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.2.7.4. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.2.7.5. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.2.8. Canada
9.2.8.1. Overview
9.2.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.2.8.3. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.2.8.4. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.2.8.5. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.3. Europe
9.3.1. Overview
9.3.2. Key Manufacturers in Europe
9.3.3. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.3.4. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.3.5. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.3.6. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.3.7. Germany
9.3.7.1. Overview
9.3.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.3.7.3. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.3.7.4. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.3.7.5. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.3.8. Italy
9.3.8.1. Overview
9.3.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.3.8.3. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.3.8.4. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.3.8.5. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.3.9. United Kingdom
9.3.9.1. Overview
9.3.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.3.9.3. U.K. Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.3.9.4. U.K. Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.3.9.5. U.K. Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.3.10. France
9.3.10.1. Overview
9.3.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.3.10.3. France Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.3.10.4. France Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.3.10.5. France Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.3.11. Rest of Europe
9.3.11.1. Overview
9.3.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.3.11.3. Rest of Europe Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.3.11.4. Rest of Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.3.11.5. Rest of Europe Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.4. Asia Pacific
9.4.1. Overview
9.4.2. Key Manufacturers in Asia Pacific
9.4.3. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.4.4. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.4.5. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.4.6. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.4.7. India
9.4.7.1. Overview
9.4.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.4.7.3. India Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.4.7.4. India Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.4.7.5. India Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.4.8. China
9.4.8.1. Overview
9.4.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.4.8.3. China Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.4.8.4. China Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.4.8.5. China Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.4.9. Japan
9.4.9.1. Overview
9.4.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.4.9.3. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.4.9.4. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.4.9.5. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US billion)
9.4.10. Rest of APAC
9.4.10.1. Overview
9.4.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.4.10.3. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.4.10.4. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.4.10.5. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.5. Latin America
9.5.1. Overview
9.5.2. Key Manufacturers in Latin America
9.5.3. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.5.4. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.5.5. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.5.6. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.5.7. Brazil
9.5.7.1. Overview
9.5.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.5.7.3. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.5.7.4. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.5.7.5. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.5.8. Mexico
9.5.8.1. Overview
9.5.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.5.8.3. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.5.8.4. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.5.8.5. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.5.9. Argentina
9.5.9.1. Overview
9.5.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.5.9.3. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.5.9.4. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.5.9.5. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.5.10. Rest of LATAM
9.5.10.1. Overview
9.5.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.5.10.3. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.5.10.4. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.5.10.5. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.6. Middle East and Africa
9.6.1. Overview
9.6.2. Key Manufacturers in Middle East and Africa
9.6.3. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.6.4. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.6.5. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.6.6. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.6.7. Saudi Arabia
9.6.7.1. Overview
9.6.7.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.6.7.3. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.6.7.4. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.6.7.5. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.6.8. United Arab Emirates
9.6.8.1. Overview
9.6.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.6.8.3. U.A.E. Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.6.8.4. U.A.E. Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.6.8.5. U.A.E. Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.6.9. Rest of MEA
9.6.9.1. Overview
9.6.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2016 - 2027, (US$ Billion)
9.6.9.3. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By System Type, 2016 - 2027 (US$ Billion)
9.6.9.4. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By Components, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
9.6.9.5. Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By Applications, 2016 - 2027 (US Billion)
10. KEY VENDOR ANALYSIS
10.1. Competitive Dashboard
10.2. Company Profiles
10.2.1. Adept Technology Inc.
10.2.1.1. Company Overview
10.2.1.2. Financial Performance
10.2.1.3. Product Benchmarking
10.2.1.4. Strategic Initiatives
10.2.2. Cognex Corporation
10.2.3. Edmund Optics Inc.
10.2.4. ETS SuperVision BV
10.2.5. Industrial Vision Systems Ltd.
10.2.6. Microscan Systems Inc.
10.2.7. Matrox Imaging
10.2.8. Vitronic GmbH
10.2.9. Omron Corporation
10.2.10. Baumer Inspection
10.2.11. Adept Technology Inc.
10.2.12. Toshiba Teli Corporation
10.2.13. Dark Field Technologies
10.2.14. Radiant Vision Systems LLC.
10.2.15. Shelton Machines Limited.
11. 360 DEGREE VIEW
12. APPENDIX
12.1. Research Methodology
12.2. References
12.3. Abbreviations
12.4. Disclaimer
12.5. Contact Us
